ISTQB certification exam questions for chapter Fundamentals of testing

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
A test process usually consists of the main groups of activities described below. These activities may appear to follow a logical sequence; however, they are often implemented iteratively or in parallel and are tailored according to the system and the project.

Test planning consists of defining the test objectives and then selecting an approach that best achieves
the objectives within the constraints imposed by the overall context.

Test monitoring and control involves the checking of all test activities and the comparison of actual progress against the plan.

Test analysis includes analyzing the test basis to identify testable features and to define and prioritize associated test conditions, together with the related risks and risk levels.

Test design includes elaborating the test conditions into test cases and other testware.

Test implementation involves creating or acquiring the testware necessary for test execution (e.g., test data).

Test execution includes running the tests in accordance with the test execution schedule.

Test completion activities usually occur at project milestones (e.g., release, end of iteration, test level completion) for any unresolved defects, change requests or product backlog items created. A test completion report is created and communicated to the stakeholders.

Correct Answer : b

Explanation:
From the given four options
a. Analyse the test basis documents. This is done during Test analysis.
b. Define the expected results. This is done during Test design.
c. Create the test execution schedule. This is done during Test implementation.
d. Establish the traceability of the test conditions. This is done during Test analysis

The usual sequence of test process is Test planning, Test monitoring and control, Test analysis, Test design, Test implementation, Test execution, Test completion activities.

So, the USUAL sequence for performing the given activities during the Fundamental Test Process is a, d, b, c.

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
Error (mistake) is a human action that produces an incorrect result.

Fault (bug, defect) is a flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform it's required function.

Failure is deviation of the component or system from its expected delivery, service or result.

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
A test process usually consists of the main groups of activities described below.
(1) Test planning
(2) Test monitoring and control
(3) Test analysis
(4) Test design
(5) Test implementation
(6) Test execution
(7) Test completion

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
Test Analysis has the following major tasks
- Analyzing the test basis to identify testable features
- Define and prioritize associated test conditions
- Evaluate testability of the requirements and system

Correct Answer : d

Explanation:
Human beings make errors (mistakes), which produce defects (faults, bugs), which in turn may result in failures.
Defects can be found in documentation, such as a requirements specification or a test script, in source code, or in a supporting artifact such as a build file. Defects in artifacts produced earlier in the SDLC, if undetected, often lead to defective artifacts later in the lifecycle. If a defect in code is executed, the system may fail to do what it should do, or do something it shouldn’t, causing a failure.
Failures can also be caused by environmental conditions.

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
Test Completion Activity include the following major tasks
- Check which planned deliverables we actually delivered and ensure all incident reports have been resolved.
- Finalize and archive testware.
- Hand over of testware.
- Evaluate how the testing went and analyze lessons learned.
- Create test completion report and communicate to the stakeholders.

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : b

Explanation:
The statement in option (b) describes a key principle of software testing.
The Testing principle described is:
Exhaustive testing is impossible. Testing everything is not feasible except in trivial cases. Rather than attempting to test exhaustively, test techniques, test case prioritization, and risk-based testing, should be used to focus test efforts.

Correct Answer : d

Explanation:
Test Completion Activity include the following major tasks
- Check which planned deliverables we actually delivered and ensure all incident reports have been resolved.
- Finalize and archive testware.
- Hand over of testware.
- Evaluate how the testing went and analyze lessons learned.
- Create test completion report and communicate to the stakeholders.

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
As per the Testing Principles
Early testing saves time and money. Defects that are removed early in the process will not cause subsequent defects in derived work products. The cost of quality will be reduced since fewer failures will occur later in the SDLC.

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
Test implementation includes
- Creating or acquiring the testware required for test execution.
- Test cases are organized into test procedures and are assembled into test suites.
- Manual and automated test scripts are created.
-Test procedures are prioritized and arranged within a test execution schedule for efficient test execution.
- The test environment is built and verified.

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
Software that does not work correctly can lead to many problems, including loss of money, time or business reputation, and, in extreme cases, even injury or death.

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
Exit criteria define when a test level is complete. Exit criteria define what must be achieved in order to declare an activity completed. Entry criteria and exit criteria should be defined for each test level.

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
In the options four statements are given, and we have to choose the best one. We need not worry whether the statement we choose is practically possible or not.
Out of the given options, the first option i.e. "You have discovered every bug in the program" is the best definition of complete testing.

Correct Answer : d

Explanation:
Debugging defects is not a testing objective. Debugging is concerned with finding causes of failure, analyzing these causes, and fixing the causes of failures.

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
Out of the given tasks, reviewing tests developed by others is a key task of a tester.
The other three tasks mentioned are generally carried out by Test leads or Test Managers.

Correct Answer : d

Explanation:
There are seven principles of testing. They are as follows:

(1) Testing shows the presence of defects: Testing can show the defects are present, but cannot prove that there are no defects. Even after testing the application or product thoroughly we cannot say that the product is 100% defect free. Testing always reduces the number of undiscovered defects remaining in the software but even if no defects are found, it is not a proof of correctness.

(2) Exhaustive testing is impossible: Testing everything including all combinations of inputs and preconditions is not possible. So, instead of doing the exhaustive testing we can use risks and priorities to focus testing efforts.

(3) Early testing: In the SDLC testing activities should start as early as possible and should be focused on defined objectives.

(4) Defect clustering: A small number of modules contains most of the defects discovered during pre-release testing or shows the most operational failures.

(5) Pesticide paradox: If the same kinds of tests are repeated, again and again, eventually the same set of test cases will no longer be able to find any new bugs. To overcome this “Pesticide Paradox”, it is really very important to review the test cases regularly and new and different tests need to be written to exercise different parts of the software or system to potentially find more defects.

(6) Testing is context dependent: Testing is basically context dependent. Different kinds of software applications are tested differently. For example, a gaming website is tested differently from an e-commerce website.

(7) Absence – of – errors fallacy: If the system built is unusable and does not fulfill the user’s needs and expectations then finding and fixing defects does not help.

Note: 'Exhaustive testing is impossible' is a testing principle. One of the given options is 'Exhaustive testing', which is not a testing principle.

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : b

Explanation:
Field testing is testing and evaluating an application in real-world conditions outside the development environment. Field testing is done by the people at client's own locations.

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : a

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
Test analysis work products include: (prioritized) test conditions and defect reports regarding defects in the test basis.

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : d

Explanation:
Designing the test environment set-up and identifying any required infrastructure and tools are a part of Test Design activity

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : a

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
According to one of the seven testing principles. Exhaustive testing is impossible. Testing everything is not feasible except in trivial cases. Rather than attempting to test exhaustively, test techniques, test case prioritization, and risk-based testing, should be used to focus test efforts.

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
When dynamic testing triggers a failure, debugging is concerned with finding causes of this failure (defects), analyzing these causes, and eliminating them. The typical debugging process in this case involves:
• Reproduction of a failure
• Diagnosis (finding the root cause)
• Fixing the cause
Subsequent confirmation testing checks whether the fixes resolved the problem.

Correct Answer : d

Explanation:
The majority of system errors occur in the Testing Phase, where the system is tested for defects or issues before it is deployed.

Correct Answer : a

Explanation:
The most common factors that are taken into account when deciding when to stop testing are:
Deadlines, Test budget, Percentage of test cases passed, Extent of functionality or requirements covered, Minimum accepted bug rate, Duration of beta or alpha testing periods

So, from the given options.

Option (a) is the correct answer as for when scheduled time for testing expires, the testing activity needs to be stopped.

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : a

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
One of the 7 testing principles is Early testing saves time and money. Defects that are removed early in the process will not cause
subsequent defects in derived work products. The cost of quality will be reduced since fewer failures will occur later in the SDLC.

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : c

Explanation:
The testing Principle described here is:
Exhaustive testing is impossible. Testing everything is not feasible except in trivial cases. Rather than attempting to test exhaustively, test techniques, test case prioritization, and risk-based testing, should be used to focus test efforts.

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : a

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : b

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : a

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : d

Correct Answer : c

Correct Answer : b